Payment for Living Organ Donation Should Be Legalized

The first argument of those who oppose payment for living organ donation is that once money is inserted into the issue of organ donation, it possibly creates uncontrollable and unregulated markets in which the poor, who ultimately need money, would be obviously exploited (Delmonico 2004), and in which the human body would become merchandise (Shapiro 20). Opponents point out that the poor are more likely to take any jobs that have a higher risk of death and go against their beliefs in a way they can to get money. Thus, it might be true that they would also be more likely to donate their organs in exchange for payment. Besides, rich individuals are able to abuse that weakness to exploit poor individuals to obtain their organs. However, these claims are highly questionable. When the government bans on the transfer of organs for valuable consideration, the international black markets in organs have been insidiously established and have rapidly developed (Friedman 746). In fact, the pract ice of those markets defiantly exploits the poor, because most of the organs are usually taken from the poor in indigent Third World countries (Shapiro 20). As an example, kidneys which have come from the poor in some parts of India have been often sold to the wealth in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the Gulf States, especially, the United Kingdom and the United States (â€Å"Illegal Organ Trafficking Poses A Global Problem†). Generally, it is estimated that each year, there are 200 to 300 organs transferredShow MoreRelatedImplicit Concerns For The Legalization Of The Organ Sale1347 Words   |  6 PagesImplicit Concerns for the Legalization of the Organ Sale With the increasing need of organs for medical treatment, illegal organ black markets have become more rampant. Under such circumstances, the public debate over whether the government should legalize the sale of living human organs is fiercer. In Joanna MacKay’s essay Organ Sales Will Save Lives, she states that the government should legalize the sale of organs, since the legalization would benefit both the sellers and the buyers. MoreoverRead MoreBodily Products Should Not Be Marketable773 Words   |  3 PagesOrgans play an important role in the functioning of the human body. We are born with them, and they work throughout our lives to keep us alive and well. Some people aren’t so lucky and may have an organ dysfunction or health issue that requires them to get an organ transplant. In this case, a donor whose tissue cells match the recipient’s must be the one to donate. However, this process could take from a few days to a few years since there are many people on the waiting list. This provokes the controversialRead MoreOrgan Donation : An Ethical And Effective Way Of Ethnic923 Words   |  4 Pagespropagandas are accustomed to coat the organ transplant and donation with the sense of ethnic. As time goes by, organ donation has become a volunteered action in some degree, and the lack of organs for transplanting reflects people’s unwillingness to donate without any incentive. Consequently, human have to admit that the altruism is just a romantic beautification of humanity. In my opinion, paid organ donation is an ethical and effective way to increase organ supply. Nowadays, many countries takeRead MoreHuman Organs Should Be Sold808 Words   |  4 PagesThere is a great controversy worldwide concerning the sale of humans organs. Some people believe that humans organs should only be donated but others believe humans organs should be sold. The way that people address this issue is deeply rooted in their beliefs. It is easy for people to be against the sale of humans organs who do not have someone in their family begging for an organs transplants. For example: Imagine someone close to you, or even a member of your family needs a kidney transplant.Read MoreA Generous Gift or Financial Incentive?973 Words   |  4 Pagesdemand for organ donors far exceeds the supply of available organs. According to the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) †¦ there are more than 77,000 people in the U.S. who are waiting to receive an organ (Organ Selling 1). The article goes on to say that the majority of those on the national organ transplant waiting lis t are in need of kidneys, an overwhelming 50,000 people. Although financial gain in the U.S and in most countries is illegal, by legalizing and structuring a scale for organ donorRead MoreProposal Essay - Organ Selling1500 Words   |  6 Pagesappears to be living well has a helpless, poor victim held down, relentlessly beating them to the ground and taking what little they have left for their own advantage and benefit. What would be the right thing to do; run away or try to help, either by stepping in or calling the proper authorities? The morally ethical thing to do would be to help and do what has to be done to stand up for what is right. This same general scenario is happening not too far from this country, where organ brokers are victimizingRead MoreOrgan Trafficking Essay1551 Words   |  7 PagesIm worth about $300,000 on the organ market. The organ trade is one of the fastest growing and least enforced trafficking crimes throughout the globe today (Glazer 341). Sarah Gla zer claims in Organ Trafficking that 5,000 to 10,000 of the 100,000 transplanted organs are obtained illegally each year (341). Although the laws passed and organizations founded have delayed the escalation of organ trafficking, the selling and distribution of compensated organs should remain illegal and suppressed beyondRead MoreOrgan Transplantation Is The Surgical Removal And Transfer1931 Words   |  8 PagesOrgan transplantation is the surgical removal and transfer of an organ from one body to another (Kanniyakoni, 2005). The process begins with someone needing an organ transplant, then being put on a waiting list. Once a patient is added to the national organ transplant waiting list, the individual may receive an organ fairly quickly or may wait many years. In general, the average time frame is three to five years at most centers. Waiting time is also dependent upon certain factors such as a patientRead MoreHuman Organs Should Be Banned2265 Words   |  10 Pagesyour life i n anticipation for a human organ when you could purchase the right match and start living your life? Day in and day out people around the world pass away before they can even have the chance to live. Usually the waiting list exceeds the amount of organs available. Nevertheless, the sales of human organs should be legalized in the hopes that people have a chance to live. Organ sale—for example, allowing or encouraging consenting adults to become living kidney donors in return for money—hasRead MoreOrgan Shortage1895 Words   |  8 PagesThe organ shortage: To market, or not to market? Organ transplantation is a term that most people are familiar with. When a person develops the need for a new organ either due to an accident or disease, they receive a transplant, right? No, that s not always right. When a person needs a new organ, they usually face a long term struggle that they may never see the end of, at least while they are alive. The demand for transplant organs is a challenging problem that many people are working to

Super U Supply Chain Management - 1117 Words

which activities are managed is significant for a company s success. Moreover, the supply chain management is crucial within a firm s processes since it incorporates activities in which intermediate goods and final products are given to consumers through a distribution system. It is important to analyse it and take into consideration that this subject matter has a great impact within business procedures. The main objective of our project is to study System U North West s supply chain management. This analysis could be made because of an interview with the Product Manager, Mr. Ledu. Also, it is intended to use the concepts and knowledge learned in Operations Management and apply them into real life. It is significant to note that we†¦show more content†¦Therefore, they are responsible that the fresh products arrive on time, at a good temperature and with a solid packaging. Also, they have to make sure that the sell date has not been exceeded and that expired products should be destroyed. Logistic Process Process System U North West is the central purchasing center since it supplies the super market store chain in the Normandie, Northern and Parisian regions. The market store chain is formed by Marchà © U, System U and Hyper U. This central core deals with the reception and delivers orders of five warehouses. These are managed through the informatics systems of Carpiquet and Beuzeville. Furtheremore, Carpiquet is in charge of the fresh products and Beuzeville for the dry ones. Moreover, the high availability vision system is developed in these two places. The receipted orders in the morning have to be delivered the same day. A delay in the delivery could have significant costs and heavily financial loss. This would create dissatisfaction within customers and be prejudicial for the company. Moreover, for the warehouse of Beuzeville which has an entirely informatics system, a durable stop of the system could provoke a break of the picking area (area in which products are stocked), and consequently some inventory costs on the 30 000 m2 of stock, and one or two immobilization days before starting again the activity. After doing a study of the risks and the impacts ofShow MoreRelatedStrategic Planning on Imtiaz Supermarket2912 Words   |  12 PagesDeficiency | Human Resource Management | Marketing / Brand Management | Supply Chain Management | IT/E-Commerce | * High Employee Turnover * Continuous Recruiting * Lack of Training * Stressful Environment | * Improper Marketing Campaign * Instable Pricing | * Warehousing * Improper Merchandising * Poor Fixtures amp; Density * Lack of Space | * Official Website * Lack of electronic cash counters * Lack of Retail and Inventory management software. | PreliminaryRead MoreNintendos Strategic Decision For New Market Space1707 Words   |  7 Pagestreat every customer with attention, consideration and respect.† (SOURCE 1) In this way, Nintendo’s operations are largely based around catering to the demands of the consumer through continuous improvement. When assessing Nintendo’s operational management, it is necessary to take their corporate â€Å"Blue Ocean† strategy and demand-based inventory production into consideration as well. Correspondingly, this report will analyze Nintendo’s operational decisions in the context of whether they have benefittedRead MoreEnterprise Resource Systems for Kroger2111 Words   |  9 Pages Anne-Marie Hughes Caroline Sawyer Ed Przezdecki Adam Jesse Introduction In business, it is important for companies to be able to communicate effectively. Each department of a company relies on the other departments as they add to the value chain. One way for a company to integrate its different departments is enterprise resource planning. ERPs are software programs that allow companies to join together data across operations on a company wide basis (Jessup and Valacich 248). ERPs store companyRead MoreDisaster Management Communications Plan - Case Study, Nevis2867 Words   |  12 Pageslikely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a hazard. Vulnerability can be changed via prevention, mitigation and development activities. RISK The probability that a disaster will occur given the hazard and vulnerability. DISASTER MANAGEMENT A collective term encompassing all aspects of planning for and responding to disasters, including both pre- and post disaster activities. It refers to both the risk and consequences of a disaster. DEVELOPMENT The cumulative and lasting increaseRead MoreThe Supply Chain Of Walmart Essay2572 Words   |  11 PagesResearch on the supply chain of Walmart 2 CARREFOUR CHAIN IN THE EUROPEAN MARKET Carrefour chain in the European market By James Rock A Research Project Submitted to the Worldwide Campus In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements Of Course LGMT 685, the Management Science Course For Master in Logistics and Supply Chain Management Degree Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University September 2016 Researcher: James Rock Title: Carrefour chain in the European market Institution: Embry-RiddleRead MorePorters Five Force on Tesco Plc Essay examples3213 Words   |  13 Pagescompetitors where Tesco lies at the market leading position followed by ASDA, Sainsbury’s and Safeway. So in grocery sector, Tesco has a high market position in comparison to other. Over all 70% the grocery market has been abducted by these super market chains. Small chains of supermarket like Somerfield, Waitrose and Budgens have 10% market share (Clarke, Bennison, Guy, 1994). This clarifies that the grocery market has been transformed into the supermarket dominated business (Ritz, 2005). Since, TescoRead MoreMarketing-Fyne Company2306 Words   |  10 PagesReferences†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦. .14 ` 8. Appendix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.15 INRODUCTION: Fyna Foods Ltd. is a food manufacturing company. Fyna Foods Ltd. got the contract to provide their new Supa-Long French fries to Beefies Hamburger Chain two months ago. Besides having the opportunity to generate the revenue, it also brings the problem with the excess quantity of potatoes which have been leftover. Fred Fahr, General Manager of Fyna Foods Ltd. comes up with an idea to produce a new breakfastRead MoreImplementation and Use of ERP Systems18074 Words   |  72 PagesValue Creation 14 ERP à » Echo System 15 ERP Core Business Processes at our Business Units 16 ERP VALUE GENERATION FOR BUSINESS ABC UNITS 18 Chapter 23: Research Context and Literature Study 19 ERP AND GLOBAL COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE: 21 ERP systems in alliance with Competitive Intelligence in E-Business environments: 22 Business Research 24 USE OF ERP IN CORPORATE LOGISTICS: 25 How does ERP help minimize the cost of Supply Chain? 27 USE OF ERP IN MINIMIZINGRead MoreEssay Airpork Case Study Analysis Report2742 Words   |  11 PagesSingapore. Due to the domestic preference of fresh meat, pigs were imported alive. 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Music Appreciation Elements of Music Essay Example For Students

Music Appreciation Elements of Music Essay Pitch, Dynamics and Duration. Tone Color also known as timbre pertains to the distinguishing attributes of one voice or instrument from another. A good example is the tone difference between a saxophone and a guitar, or even between a nylon and steel string guitars. Pitch mainly has to do with the relative highness or the lowness of a sound. It is determined by the frequency of the vibration of sound. Smaller objects (shorter strings) produce high pitch notes while larger objects or longer tiring produce low pitch notes. Dynamics is the loudness or softness of a musical sound. Dynamics is a result of the amplification of a vibration. When a tone is amplified louder than the tones that accompany it we call that accent. Duration is the amount of time that a musical note is played. The longest time a note is played is known as a whole note and it takes four counts in a bar. A variation of time and how they are played creates beats and rhythm. 2. The six main categories of musical instruments are; Strings instruments which include the violin and the double bass. We will write a custom essay on Music Appreciation Elements of Music specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The violin is among instruments played by drawing a bow over the strings, while the double bass is in the group of those played by plucking the strings with the fingers or plectra (Pizzicato). String instruments can produce more than one note at a time. Woodwind instruments such as the clarinet can only play one note at a time and are usually for melodic solos. Woodwind instruments such as the saxophone and the oboe rely on reeds to produce their sounds. Brass instruments are such as the trumpet of which the sounds are produced from the musicians lips as they blow into the funnel heaped mouth pieces. Percussions are mainly instruments that are struck by hand using a stick of some sort. Examples of such instruments are the xylophone, the glockenspiel, and the bass drums which are struck with two hammers. The piano is a perfect example of the category of instruments known as keyboards. The keyboards produce their sound when vibrating strings held under tension by an iron frame are struck by a felt-covered hammer. Pressing any of the keys on the piano causes the hammer to strike the strings. The piano also has three leg pedals that allow the layer the produce various tonal effects. Synthesizers are instruments that are among those that electronically produce and amplify sound. They generate, modify and control sound allowing for a wide range of tone, pitch, and duration. Most synthesizers can be made to produce the desired sounds by means of keyboards. Symphony orchestras contain string, woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments. Sometimes keyboards are also added in such orchestras. 3. Longing by Richard Wagner starts off moderately soft but in manner that reshows a sense of urgency, looming conflict or storm. It begins with the string and woodwind sections playing relatively soft notes but with short durations that are accompanied by the accentuated intermittent beats of the drums and cymbals and the double bass. That gradually leads to the brass section playing louder and the Music Appreciation Elements of Music By Unarmed playing in a staccato creating a sense of anger, confusion and turmoil. Then the mood suddenly changes to mellow and calm as the woodwind section lead the others into a soft and slow tempo. All instruments are played in a similar manner during this part of the composition. The dynamics of the music again abruptly changes as the loud brass and percussion sections heighten the sense of unrest and anger as before. After a slight moment where the orchestra almost sounds like it is coming to a complete silence, all the sections once again play louder but with a slower tempo and notes being played for longer durations, and that leads to the resolution of the musical piece. For me, the music signified the contrasts in human life, the ups and he downs, anger and frustration, the serene and calm moments. .uc66dd1470cf21c15ebe4016fba45fcfc , .uc66dd1470cf21c15ebe4016fba45fcfc .postImageUrl , .uc66dd1470cf21c15ebe4016fba45fcfc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc66dd1470cf21c15ebe4016fba45fcfc , .uc66dd1470cf21c15ebe4016fba45fcfc:hover , .uc66dd1470cf21c15ebe4016fba45fcfc:visited , .uc66dd1470cf21c15ebe4016fba45fcfc:active { border:0!important; } .uc66dd1470cf21c15ebe4016fba45fcfc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc66dd1470cf21c15ebe4016fba45fcfc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc66dd1470cf21c15ebe4016fba45fcfc:active , .uc66dd1470cf21c15ebe4016fba45fcfc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc66dd1470cf21c15ebe4016fba45fcfc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc66dd1470cf21c15ebe4016fba45fcfc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc66dd1470cf21c15ebe4016fba45fcfc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc66dd1470cf21c15ebe4016fba45fcfc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc66dd1470cf21c15ebe4016fba45fcfc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc66dd1470cf21c15ebe4016fba45fcfc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc66dd1470cf21c15ebe4016fba45fcfc .uc66dd1470cf21c15ebe4016fba45fcfc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc66dd1470cf21c15ebe4016fba45fcfc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analysis of West End Blues by Louis Armstrong EssayIn the rhythm and the beats, I imagined of how things could change abruptly or gradually. 4. Take the A Train is an upbeat Jazz piece to which the dominant brass section gives a brilliant and merry mood. The bass and drum also contribute to this feeling with their steady and constant beat. The loud and high pitched trumpets, the flurry of piano solos, the fast and seemingly carefree drum rolls all contribute to give one the impression that this is a song about enjoying a beautiful sunny day, anticipation, excitement and looking forward to something good. . Identifying all the instruments in The Young Persons Guide To The O rchestra was not easy. The orchestra however was comprised of string, woodwind, brass and percussion sections. Within these, I recognized number of instruments. I heard the timpani, tuba, oboe, trumpets, double bass, cymbals, viola, violin, cello, the bass drum, triangle, xylophone, castanets, bells, and a snare drum being played with brushes. The Young Persons Guide To The Orchestra has a repetitive melody. It appears that the different instruments strings, the woodwinds, brass and percussions are playing that same melody one after the other as would athletes in a relay race. I felt it was a very Jovial music which represented the characteristics of inquisitiveness, learning, sometimes fear to proceed, and sometimes the eagerness to advance quicker. I imagined the feelings of failure when the music was very soft and played at a slow tempo, and yet again I also experienced the triumph when the dynamics changed louder, the tempo was faster and the brass section was dominant.

Performer Driver’s

Questions: Describe the project, the approach that was taken at the time and the lessons learnt through reflective practice of Performer driver isn project management capacity. Refer to specific reflective tools and techniques using the guide book attached. Demonstrate a focus on the reflective aspect of how the project was managed and using performance drivers methodology, be able to demonstrate an improved outcome if this approach had been applied to the project selected. Also see additional paper Writing on Project Management supplied by the Editor of the Project Manager for additional requirements. Answers: Abstract This report is constructed with an aim of understanding how performance based metrics as a method for measuring of performance can be used in combination with project management principles and methodologies so as to improve the project performance. The report covers the basics of one of the chosen method that is widely used by organization for measuring performance in business and the same is called Balanced Score Card. The perspectives of balanced score card are bring applied to the project management framework so as to develop a methodology that empowers project management practice by enabling comprehensive performance control process through the use of strategic metrics in addition to traditional performance measurement methods used in practice. For a practical understanding of how BSC can be used with project management, a customized methodology called Adjusted Balanced Score Card that was identified and the same was used for planning the performance control for an identified IT project. The project involves development of an ecommerce learning portal for which ABSC was used as the measuring tool for project progress such that the same could be used for monitoring project progress in an efficient manner. The report contains details of a real project with step by step process that was used for development of project balanced score card. Further, the report would present reflections on what was learned when the theories of BSC were applied to the real project case in a company for the management and monitoring of an IT project. The reflection would also include an understanding of the practical aspects of ABSC and how the same could be utilized in future projects. Introduction As per the Wall Street Journal, around 42% of IT projects are abandoned before they could be completed. Every year, American organizations together face over $105 of losses because of project failure. While traditional project success was measured only considered only the operational outcome, the success is actually affected in other ways as well. Some major barriers that lead to such high rate of failure of projects are lack of understanding of strategy, management impacts and of people but they were not been a part of assessment in tradition methods of project success measurement. While project managers can talk about the ability of a project to get deliveries within schedule and within allotted costs, they struggle to identify if the project has delivered its strategic value to the company. Main reason behind this challenge was that strategy was an intangible object and thus, could not be measured in monetary terms and this inability to convert strategic perspective into measureab le dimensions was making it difficult for project managers to assess the strategic performance of a project. (Norrie, 2014). In the discipline of project management, as assessment of project with respect its performance is traditionally done by exploring the impacts of and on its triple constraints including time, cost and quality. However, over the years of development project management principles, a need has been realized to have an added dimension of project management when considering its outcome. This suggested use of performance based measures for analyzing the outputs of a project. The traditional performance measures including triple constrains only measure the product outcome of a project. However, there is more to a project than a product. It is more of an experience that is delivered to the stakeholders of a project. Thus, stakeholder management has become a widely used practice wile assessing a project methodology. Stakeholder benefits lead to customer satisfaction which can build upon competitive advantage for the brand and the goodwill can then convert into financial rewards for an organization or a brand. This has led to a surge in demand for measurement of stakeholder satisfaction which can be done by using certain performance based measures like Balance Score Card which allowed measuring of not just the tangible assets in terms of money, which was done in traditional methods for measuring project outcome, but also made way to including tangible outcomes in assessment by attaching monetary value to the same. Figure 1: On Strategy With the use of BSC, an organization can assess its project form multiple perspectives including financial, customer specific, process and growth. It also allows for determination of the cause and effect relationships between different dimensions of a project. This is possible as the method allows a company to have an established measure for every goal of the project as well as all the initiatives that lead to development of the project. Also, the use of BSC modifies the triple constraints triangle by including strategy as one deliverable such that a project is considered successful only when it delivers good quality, on time, within budget and on-strategy. Balance Score Card Balance Score Card is a framework that is used for translating the vision and strategy of an organization into operational terms and provides a balanced measure of all the perspectives that exist on a project including financial, customer, internal and growth perspectives. When applying the principles of Balance Score Card, a P-BSC may be prepared addressing all key issues of project and needs of its stakeholders with objectives to reduce risks and assure alignment of project to organizations strategic outcome. BSC deals with four perspectives of a project that include customer, financial, internal business processes and learning growth. Customer perspective deals with understanding of customer who is made the focus of business processes that are practiced with an aim to satisfy their needs. When considering this perspective, performance of a project can be measured using customer centric metrics such as lead time and quality of project outcome. Financial perspective explores data on risk assessment, funding, cost-benefit, cash flow, market share, growth, revenues, operational expenses, asset turnover and so on. Internal perspective involve managers into the working of the project and usually involves checking if higher level targets are successfully decomposed to convert to clear targets for decision making and actions for lower level of the staff. Learning and growth perspective involves learning of employees, their training provisions, corporate culture, communication, self-improvement strategies and so on. Success of project would be measured by ability of a company to innovate and learn continuously(KAZI, RADOSAV, NIKOLI, CHOTALIYA, 2011). To understand how BSC can be used for specific projects, a discipline of IT project management can be chosen to build focus for a better understanding. In case of IT projects, several researchers in the area of project management including Alleman (2003) and Brock (2003) have suggested integration of BSC and PM to create a balanced approach to project management. A framework called Control Objectives for Information and related Technology (CObiT) is been widely used on software and IT projects for linking business goals to IT goals and obtaining performance measurement metrics based on BSC framework. Several project management methodologies have been combined with BSC principles this way to create modified methodologies such as Agile Balanced scorecard that puts emphasis on measurement of teamwork, reliability, performance and velocity of key business metric categories. Another approach for using BSC in IT projects is taken in the Adjusted BSC Framework which adjusts the components of BSC to make way for improvement of performance of an IT project. This modified the perspectives including Finance to consider project costing, customers perspective to stakeholder perspective, learning including focus to specific areas like quality and risk and internal processes referring to project processes. This added some metrics to project management performance measurement such as Lag Indicators like Earned Value Management (EVM), Budget Variance analysis, lead indicators and so on. Figure 2: Strategy Map Example When using BSC in combination with the Project management disciplines, a strategic value can be added to the project which improves the shareholder value of a project. A stakeholder value can be created with improvements in revenues and in productivity at the same time. Various perspectives of BSC can add to this value creation process at each stage. As per the strategy map model defined by Kaplan and Norton, learning and development provide the key inputs to internal processes that are made to work in alignment with the customer value proposition to achieve operational excellence, customer intimacy and product leadership which in turn affects the financial performance of the organization. The involvement of different perspectives defined in the BSC methods reveal the importance of intangible elements like employee competencies, leadership skills, corporate culture, and so on and also allows create metrics for each of these to measure the performance of a project through conversion o f the intangible elements into numeric value metrics allowing an efficient and clear monitoring of progress of the project. A balance scorecard on one side adds four perspectives of a project in its monitoring process, on the other side it defines specific objectives, measures, targets and strategic actions required for each of those perspectives. This allows a project manager to understand how a strategy can be formulated for specific perspective, how the progress could be measured in order to achieve specific objectives, what are the target values that can be used for measurement of the progress and what specific actions are required to achieve set objectives in a project. Some examples of the measures include ROI which is a financial measure, market share which is customer perspective, on-time delivery makes internal process perspective and employee turnover deals with learning and growth perspective(Snapka Copikova, 2011). Guiding Principles of BSC Kaplan also defines some guiding principles for using best practices of BSC in case of projects. These include: Translation of strategy into operational terms: For an organization to perform, the value it provides must exceed the sum of the value provided by its specific parts that are linked through an organizational strategy. In the reporting structure on a project, thus, strategic themes must be embedded. The BSC does not act as a strategy formulation tool but only makes a presentation of the complete view of strategy and thus, these steps have to be completed before a BSC can be made. Organization to be aligned with strategy: To be able to use the BSC efficiently, a number of strategic themes may be developed that may be complementing or supporting other themes in a way to create a balance in the organization. Themes can be identified by identifying strategic outcomes and by dividing the strategy into general categories of different projects. Every strategic theme must have own hypothesis and cause and effect relationships. With strategic themes, corporate roles involving creation of value for each business unit must also be identified. Strategy must be responsibility of everyone and not just strategy or project manager: Scorecard allows cascading of lower level departmental scores but it would not serve the purpose if the employees do not buy in and thus, for BSC to deliver successful results, employees have to understand the value and importance of BSC for the project. Further, to keep them motivated and interested in the use of BSC, personalized balanced score cards can be prepared to be a part of their proposal. Before a strategy can be practically launched, these employees need to be trained as well as be used for testing of specific strategies. Strategic objectives must be embedded into various aspects of organization: Strategic objectives can be embedded into individual personal and team objectives of a project to able to make them aligned with the BSC key objective of the project. This can be done in several ways such as by using super bowl approach which involves creation of awareness about the importance of achieving targets for employees, strategic initiatives alignment through linking of routine jobs with projects, integration with planning, integration with Human resource, and so on(Murby Gould, 2005). BSC in IT Project: Case Study For the purpose of practical understanding of use of BSC with Project Management practice, an actual IT project that involved development and implementation of ecommerce learning portal for B2C business has been studied. The project life cycle had 7 major phases including requirement gathering, designing and portal development, content development, e-learning portal establishment, pilot testing, production strategy and continuous improvement. ABSC framework was implemented to manage and assess the performance of the project that began with defining of project objectives and linking of the same with every phase of the project life cycle. The identified objectives for the development of e-learning portal included: Increasing the penetration of deliveries by reaching out to a wider audience Facilitation of online learning for skills upgrading in ecommerce domain Making learning affordable by reducing costs by 50% Based on these objectives, performance indicators were identified. For increasing delivery penetration, activities that were required to be done included requirement gathering which could be completed by taking sign-off, development of multi-language capability, and set of an easy interface that could be measured for its performance through testing. For improving availability of services for learning skills, designing were to be done next and specific features that were to be implemented were scheduled. For continuous development of ecommerce knowledge base in the field of ecommerce, the infrastructure that was to develop was required to be both robust and scalable with a content management system with capability to manage updates with ease. For reduction in learning cost of the customers using the portal, the project manager decides to use fixed price per participant model using shared services. For the measurement of the above mentioned objectives for understanding their achievement and performance of the project, a traceability matrix with respect to major project phases including requirement gathering, design and development and testing could be prepared as follows: Project objectives Requirement Gathering Portal Design and development Testing Increasing delivery penetration Project Sign off Multi-lingual capabilities User testing Availability of features for anytime learning Multiple indicators Reduction in costs of learning Multiple indicators Once, the objectives were clarified with understanding of their relationships within each phase, the next step of project management in the ABSC approach was to develop Lag Indicators. These indicators could be identified for each perspective of ABSC including finance, stakeholders, process and learning. Lag indicators would be used for defining if the project went as per planned schedule or within budget. The lag indicators that were identified were considered for measurement of performance through the use of certain target measures for these specific knowledge areas including cost and risk as described in the table below: PM Knowledge areas Objectives Indicator Target Measure Cost Less than 5% of cost overrun CPI Less than 1.05 Risk Less than 5% of risk impact High risk items with over USD10,000 cost to be monitored Less than 3 such items facing risks Just as lag indicators identified problems in the project related to cost and schedule, lead indicators were used for understanding achievements of the project. This involved an understanding of requirements of all business users, assurance of sign off with requirements of each process owner incorporated, conducting training sessions for e-learning and limited iterations. Objective Lag Indicator Target Measure Responsibility Requirement Gathering Sign off with all requirements of process owners included Within 5 working days after submission Process owner All team members participated and all requirements obtained 100% Project Management team No incomplete or partially complete information Forms, templates and user reviews collection Project Team and end users Just as the lag indicators were mapped against each perspective of ABSC, lead indicators could also be mapped using same technique. Once all indicators were identified, the next step that was followed was combining of these indicators for establishing a cause and effect relationship between each of the measures, perspectives and project knowledge areas. This included understanding of how these indicators related to each project phase. For instance, sign off requirement which is one of the indicators in the requirement gathering phase could result into scope creep if not management properly affecting other project knowledge areas such as time, cost and risks. Based on these relationships, the indicators with high impacts on project, in case the indicators are not managed well, can be tracked as identified in the following table: Lead Indicator Effects (Impact) Impact Objectives Sign off Time overrun Incomplete requirements Incomplete information Quality; testing; high risk items Service delivery Cost of delivery Once, all the above steps were fulfilled, it enabled project manager of the e-learning portal project to monitor the project progress against each of the identified objectives, performance indicators and targets in an integrated manner that allowed them to track progress with full understanding of relationships between different elements which allowed good management of stakeholder expectations(Vasudevan, 2012). A comprehensive Adjusted Balanced Score Card can be prepared by using each of these measures including all perspectives, objectives, measures, and targets. This comprehensive scorecard would then make it possible for a project manager to have a complete strategic view of the project and use the same for monitoring its progress. Update strategy with revision Strategy BSC Feedback Vision Goals Themes Financial Perspective Minimum Expenses and Maximum return Objectives Minimum expenses Measures: CPI Targets: Minimum CPI Stakeholder Perspective Resource Availability Stakeholder expectations Objectives: Requirement gathering Measures: Requirement sign off Targets: all member participation Input to decision Making Internal Perspective Management of processes Objectives: Reduce risks; ensure compliance; manage change Compare results Measures: Scope creep; High risk items; compliance, planned iterations Targets: Less than 5% scope creep, cost overrun, schedule overrun; less than 3 high risk items; OPA compliance; less than 2 iterations Learning and Growth Perspective Continuous learning Objectives: Knowledge base Measures: Lessons learnt database for future use Targets: record quality issues, lessons learned, lead practices Operational Decision Making Conclusions This report was created for studying performance based measurement methods used in business context by applying the same to the project management practice and understand the impact or improvements that can be brought about with this combination of the two disciplines. IT was found that major project failure were caused because of incapability of project organizations to achieve strategic results as there was a lack on the methods that could be used for measuring strategic performance as it was an intangible measure. It was found that BSC, a widely used method in the area of strategic management provide this capability of measuring intangible areas of a project and thus, the same was applied to a specific case of IT project to understand how BSC could be used for making project monitoring and performance measurement process more efficient. The case was studied with the use of Adjusted Balanced Score card, a method defined for the use of BSC in project management practice. There were other performance based methods as well other approaches to incorporation of BSC perspectives on project but ABSC provided a simplified learning which is why it was chosen to understand a specific case of the project. References Bonham, S. 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